mutatis mutandis la gi

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Mutatis mutandis is a Medieval Latin phrase meaning "with things changed that should be changed" or "once the necessary changes have been made".[1][2][3] It remains unnaturalized[jargon] in English and is therefore usually italicized in writing. It is used in many countries vĩ đại acknowledge that a comparison being made requires certain obvious alterations, which are left unstated. It is not vĩ đại be confused with the similar ceteris paribus, which excludes any changes other than thở those explicitly mentioned. Mutatis mutandis is still used in law, economics, mathematics, linguistics and philosophy. In particular, in logic, it is encountered when discussing counterfactuals, as a shorthand for all the initial and derived changes which have been previously discussed.

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Latin[edit]

The phrase mutatis mutandis—now sometimes written mūtātīs mūtandīs vĩ đại show vowel length—does not appear in surviving classical literature. It is Medieval Latin[4] in origin and the Feet of fines, kept at The National Archives (United Kingdom), contains its first use in England on January trăng tròn, 1270, at Pedes Finium, 54 Hen. III, Salop.[5]

Both words are participles of the Latin verb mutare ('to move; vĩ đại change; vĩ đại exchange'). Mutatus, -a, -um is its perfect passive participle ('changed; having been changed'). Mutandus, -a, -um is its gerundive, which functions both as a future passive participle ('to be changed; going vĩ đại be changed') and as a verbal adjective or noun expressing necessity ('needing vĩ đại be changed; things needing vĩ đại be changed'). The phrase is an ablative absolute, using the ablative case vĩ đại show that the clause is grammatically independent ('absolute' literally meaning 'dissolved' or 'separated') from the rest of the sentence.

English[edit]

Mutatis mutandis was first borrowed into English in the 16th century, but continues vĩ đại be italicized as a foreign phrase.[4] Although many similar adverbial phrases are treated as part of the sentence, mutatis mutandis is usually phối apart by commas or in some other fashion. The nearest English equivalent vĩ đại an ablative absolute is the nominative absolute, so sánh that a literal translation will either use the nominative case ("those things which need vĩ đại be changed having been changed") or a preposition ("with the things needing vĩ đại be changed having been changed"). More often, the idea is expressed more tersely ("with the necessary changes") or using subordinating conjunctions and a dependent clause ("once the necessary adjustments are made").

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The phrase has a technical meaning in mathematics where it is sometimes used vĩ đại signal that a proof can be more generally applied vĩ đại other certain cases after making some, presumably obvious, changes. It serves a similar purpose vĩ đại the more common phrase, "without loss of generality"[6] (WLOG).

The legal use of the term is somewhat specialized. As glossed by Shira Scheindlin, judge for the Southern District of Thành Phố New York, for a 1998 case: "This Latin phrase simply means that the necessary changes in details, such as names and places, will be made but everything else will remain the same."[7] In the wake of the Plain English movements, some countries attempted vĩ đại replace their law codes' legal Latin with English equivalents.

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Examples[edit]

  • "I believe the soul in Paradise must enjoy something nearer vĩ đại a perpetual vigorous adulthood than thở vĩ đại any other state we know. At least that is my hope. Not that Paradise could disappoint, but I believe Boughton is right vĩ đại enjoy the imagination of heaven as the best pleasure of this world. I don't see how he can be entirely wrong, approaching it that way. I certainly don't mind the thought of your mother finding bầm a strong young man. There is neither male nor female, they neither marry nor are given in marriage, but, mutatis mutandis, it would be a fine thing. That mutandis! Such a burden on one word!"—Marilynne Robinson, Gilead.
  • "To illustrate the point with trivial stereotypical examples from British society: just as male heterosexuals are không tính phí vĩ đại enjoy themselves playing rugby, drinking beer and talking about girls with their mates, so sánh male homosexuals are vĩ đại be không tính phí vĩ đại enjoy themselves going vĩ đại Kylie concerts, drinking exotically coloured cocktails and talking about boys with their straight female mates. Mutatis mutandis—and in many cases the adaptations would obviously be great—the same must apply vĩ đại other societies. In other words, gay men are vĩ đại be as không tính phí as their straight equivalents in the society concerned vĩ đại live their lives in the way that is natural vĩ đại them as gay men, without the fear of persecution."—Lord Rodger of Earlsferry, HJ and HT v trang chủ Secretary, British Supreme Court, 2010

Other languages[edit]

The phrase appears in other European languages as well. A passage of Marcel Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu includes "...j'ai le fils d'un de mes amis qui, mutatis mutandis, est comme vous..." ("A friend of mine has a son whose case, mutatis mutandis, is very much lượt thích yours.") The German Ministry of Justice, similar vĩ đại the Plain English advocates above, now eschews its use. Their official English translation of the Civil Code now reads:[8]

"Section 27 (Appointment of and management by the board). ...(3) The management by the board is governed by the provisions on mandate in sections 664 vĩ đại 670 with the necessary modifications."

In popular culture[edit]

The phrase is used as the motto of Xavier's School for Gifted Youngsters from the X-Men Marvel Comics.

See also[edit]

  • Dependent and independent variables
  • List of Latin phrases
  • Nunc pro tunc ("now for then", legal term with similar effect)
  • Substitution

References[edit]

  1. ^ Fennell, Charles Augustus Maude, Ed. (1891). The Stanford Dictionary of Anglicised Words and Phrases. University Press, Cambridge. p. 563. mutatis mutandis.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Adams, Kenneth A. (2004). A Manual of Style for Contract Drafting. American Bar Association. p. 160. ISBN 978-1590313800. mutatis mutandis.
  3. ^ Mogck, Brian David (2008). Writing To Reason: A Companion for Philosophy Students and Instructors. John Wiley and Sons. p. 46. ISBN 978-1405170994.
  4. ^ a b Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed. 'mutatis mutandis, adv.' Oxford University Press (Oxford), 2003.
  5. ^ Eyton, Robert William (1855). Antiquities of Shropshire. J.R. Smith.
  6. ^ Exner, George R. (2012). An Accompaniment vĩ đại Higher Mathematics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 61. ISBN 9781461239987.
  7. ^ In re McMahon, 235 B.R. 527, 536, footnote 7 (S.D.N.Y. 30 Nov 1998).
  8. ^ "German Civil Code BGB". www.gesetze-im-internet.de.